Various Kinds of Linux distributions

Distributions of GNU / Linux World

 redhat

Origin: USA
Packages: RPM
Desktop: Gnome
Center: Raleigh, NC USA
Inventors: Bob Young and Marc Ewing
Last Release: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.0
redhat linux linux distro is one of the oldest who was born in 1994 and still continues in release in the form of Enterprise. Because it is very famous especially in redhat server world.

 .

 Slackware linux

Origin: USA
Package: TGZ
Desktop: KDE
Inventors: Patrick Volkerding
Last Release: Slackware Linux 13.1
Slackware was originally a personal project, and so as not to be serious, Patrick called this project "slack" from the Church of the SubGenius, which means a state where a person uses minimum energy to live.

 

 Debian GNU / Linux

Origin: Global
Package: DEB
Desktop: Gnome
Last Release: Debian GNU / Linux 6.0 (Squeeze)
Debian is one of the old linux distribution. Debian Linux comes with more than 20,000 packets are easily installed into a computer in the form of "precompile software" was first introduced by Debian Ian Murdock. Debian name itself is taken from the name of his girlfriend (now wife) Debra and his name is Ian.

 Gentoo

Origin: USA
Package: SRC (Portage)
Last Release: Gentoo Linux 11.0
Gentoo Linux is flexible and fast that's why it took the name of the gentoo penguin is a kind of fast swimmers. A reply distro geared towards developers and network professionals. Unlike linux distros in general, Gentoo has an advanced package management called Portage. Distributions based on source code which must be compiled from scratch to maximize speed.

 Ubuntu

Origin: Isle Of Man
Package: DEB
Desktop: Gnome
Last Release: Ubuntu 11:10
"Ubuntu" is derived from ancient African language, which means "taste perikemanusian against fellow human beings". Ubuntu also means "I am me because of the existence of us all". The purpose of the Ubuntu Linux distribution brings the spirit is contained in the Ubuntu into the world of software. Ubuntu is now a Debian-based linux distro's most popular in the world.

 

 PCLinuxOS

Origin: USA
Package: rpm (apt)
Desktop: KDE
Last Release: PCLinuxOS 2011.6
PCLinuxOS based on Mandrake Linux, with the motto radicaly simple, PCLinuxOS is famous for its ease of user interface (display). Making it easier for linux users who operate especially in the packaging comes with live-cd.

 

 openSUSE

Origin: Germany
Packages: RPM
Desktop: Gnome, KDE
Last Release: openSUSE 12.1
openSUSE (formerly SUSE Linux) program is a community project sponsored by a company called Novell. SUSE is the acronym in German for "Software-und System-entwicklung" or development of software and systems. Others say that SUSE used to honor the engineer Konrad Zuse.

 Mandriva

Origin: France
Packages: RPM
Desktop: KDE
Last Release: Mandriva 2011
Madriva Linux Mandrake linux which formerly created in 1998 with the goal of making Linux easier for anyone. Created by MandrakeSoft, and then MandrakeSoft Mandrake and Connectiva join produces.

 

 Fedora

Origin: USA
Packages: RPM (yum)
Desktop: Gnome
Last Release: Fedora 16
The Fedora Project is a project built by the community openly and designed by Red Hat. The name is taken from fedora type hat (fedora) worn by men in the Red Hat logo.

 Sabayon

Origin: Italy
Package: Entropy
Desktop: KDE
Last Release: Sabayon Linux 7
Sabayon Linux is a live DVD based on Gentoo Linux. Although the release of a live DVD but still can be installed onto the hard drive. Derived from Trentino, Italy, and called to follow an Italian dessert called Sabayon. Sabayon is made from egg yolks, sugar and sweet alcohol.

 Linux Mint

Origin: Irish
Package: DEB
Desktop: Gnome
Last Release: Linux Mint 12
Linux Mint is an Ubuntu-based Linux distribution with the goal of making Linux distributions complete "out-of-the-box", such as browser plugins, a more complete multimedia suport, java and others. Linux Mint is compatible with Ubuntu repositoris own.

 vector Linux

Origin: Canada
Package: TLZ
Desktop: Xfce
Last Release: Vector Linux 6.0
Vector Linux is a Linux distribution is small and fast. The makers of Vector Linux had a sort of motto: let the simple, small and let the computer user to decide which operating system will be used. With that statement may be regarded as a small linux distribution / best light.

 Knoppix

Origin: Germany
Package: DEB
Desktop: LXDE
Last Release: KNOPPIX 6.7.1
A live cd distro created by Klaus Knopper and the Knoppix called by its name alone. Has the introduction of good hardware, but is often used for demos, Knoppix can also be used for educational CD can also be used to aid in the system.

 Puppy Linux

Origin: Australia
Package: PET
Desktop: JWM
Last Release: Puppy Linux 5.3
What distinguishes Puppy with other Linux distributions is its small size, but rich in features. Puppy runs on RAM, unlike other live CD that is putting all of the features on the disc, while Puppy entirely on "loads" to RAM. This means that all applications that are available can respond quickly.

 

 

Looping and Conditions by PHP

We will make a loop with results like this with PHP:

1=1
1+2=3
1+2+3=6
1+2+3+4=10
1+2+3+4+5=15

The steps are:
1. Open Notepad

2. Type as shown below:




 
3. Save with any name and filetypenya *. 
PHP4. Open dibrowser, and the results are as shown below:




 For the IF Condition Program:

The steps are:
1. Open Notepad

2. Type as shown below:


 

3. Save with any name, eg input.php

4. Open Notepad again, and type as shown:


  

5. Change in the action = "hasil.php" with the name that will be used for the results of the input, then Save the file name anything what, ex: hasil.php

6. open the browser and run, ex: input.php as shown:


 

7. Input value, ie its value: 21, it will look like:


    

Change the localhost address into a domain name

Here's how:
1. Click Run on the Start menu

2. and type:


h: / WINDOWS/system32/drivers/etc/hosts
ket:
h = the drive letter writer, you can replace the drive letter you

3. then click OK. Dialog box will pop open with, select notepad and click OK

4. note the command line, a # is a comment. At the bottom there writing code:

127.0.0.1 localhost

before it is added / replaced


 
5. add the address of fiction to the right of the word "localhost" according to your taste, for example:




  6. then Save

7. Run the application webserver (apache / IIS) and a web browser (firefox / chrome / opera) you and try to type in the address you passed.

after added / replaced


Good luck ... 

15 Advantages of Linux as Open Source

1. license
All this software can be obtained free of charge under the GNU General Public License, or other licenses similar to it. Under this license, anyone can get a good program in the form of source code (human readable) would also binary (machine readable), so the program can be modified, adapted, and even further developed by anyone.

2. history
Although Linux is not an official Unix systems, Linux has the basic heritage, culture, architecture and the experience of the Unix operating system for 28 years. Since the advent of Linux source code (in 1991) Linux kernel has been studied (review) and refined by (at least) tens of thousands of programmers around the world. Most GNU programs and the X Window System has been around longer than Linux and has been investigated more thoroughly. Source code of rival operating systems such as Windows 95 and Windows NT, are not available to the public, so can not be scrutinized by the public. The design of such a system does not enjoy the historical development of Unix systems.


3. Linux users

Linux is expected to have millions of users and that number will be on the increase every day with very rapidly.

 4. Interaction with other OS
Linux can interact with other systems operating in three ways: compatibility of files and filesystems, network compatibility, and emulation (simulation) operating system. Linux can use files from other operating systems, in terms of how to read and write file formats. So (hard) disks and the disks from the OS / 2, NT, DOS / Windows, Apple Macintosh, Unix, and other systems, can be read (in many cases also written) easily by Linux, almost all standard file formats industrial applications are supported by Linux.

At the level of networking, Linux can work very well with other operating systems. Linux has support for TCP / IP is very good, and also has support for Microsoft's SMB file sharing and printing through Samba package, Apple's file and printer sharing via netatalk, and IPX / SPX (Novell) file sharing via package Mars NWE (and commercial packages from Caldera).

In a mixed environment of Windows / Linux, using Samba server and smbclient systems, Linux computer will appear in the Network Neighborhood of a Windows system, virtually indistinguishable from the NT. Linux computer will also have full access to files and printers that are shared from WFWG, Windows 95, or Windows NT.

5. architecture

Processors like Digital Alpha and StrongARM, Intel 386/486/Pentium/PentiumPro/Pentium II, AMD, Cyrix / IBM, Motorola 68 × 000, PowerPC (includes Power Mac) and Sun SPARC are a Windows NT only supports Intel (and clone) and the Digital Alpha. While Windows 95/98 only road on the Intel and colleagues (AMD, Cyrix).

6. Hardware Support

Linux supports a wide variety of PC hardware, including disk IDE, EIDE, SCSI, MFM, RLL, and ESDI, tape and CD-ROM SCSI and EIDE drives, sound cards, various types of mice, video cards, motherboard chipsets, scanners, printers, and other hardware

Hardware supported by Linux may not be as much as Windows 95/98, but perhaps more than Windows NT,

7. Ease of Access Device

Device or devices in Linux generally appears as a file, (http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/LDP/sag/). So that programs can read and write to devices such as tape drives, modems, terminals, and so on. This makes almost all the devices can be accessed by all programming languages​​, by eliminating the dependence on Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) specific to a particular programming language.

While in Windows, which uses the API model, many devices that can only be accessed through the C and other similar language, and requires an adapter for the program can be accessed from other languages​​.

8. memory utilization

Virtual memory makes Linux has the ability to run more programs than it should if only to use physical memory only. Virtual memory on Linux systems beyond the simple use of swap space, the programs that run more than once will be entered once into memory, and virtual memory system will be used to incorporate an image program (text area) with lots of data images.

This resulted in the optimal use of memory, yet still protect the memory space of each program, each program to prevent "dirty" memory space of another program.

9. scalability

Linux can run on machines as small as the 3Com Palm Pilot and the machinery of Beowulf clusters (set a fast PC is connected to scientific problem solving / scientific, Linux also supports multiple processors up to 16 pieces

10. Stability.

Linux system is extraordinary stable. If configured correctly, the Linux system will "live" continues until hardware is not adequate (damaged) or there is no electrical voltage or someone shut down the system. The life expectancy of a sustainable system to hundreds of days or more is familiar.

While Windows NT systems generally require a reboot periodically to maintain stability, and Windows 95, which generally need to be reinstalled so that the system can run smoothly without complaint. One of the things that underlies this stability is the version numbering of shared libraries. Most Windows applications to install new versions of Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs), which generally lead to other applications that require other versions of the DLL is not working properly.

As with the shared libraries on Linux, that outlines the version on the file name making it possible to install the new version without breaking the dependency of other programs. Linux also inherited tradition by supporting the Unix file permissions (file permissions), which can prevent the alteration or deletion of files without permission from the owner.

Therefore, the virus is essentially unknown in the world of Linux. Security issues related to the operating system itself is usually announced a few hours after the discovery, followed by a bugfix, workarounds, advisory, and so on. For example the time found a bug in the hardware itself (processor Pentium with F0 0F bug), workaround is available for download some time after publication of the bug.

11. The use of network
Many parts of the system divided by two (client-server), and both can be run on the same computer or different. One example is a GUI (Graphical User Interface) of Linux is the X Window System.

This allows applications running on any computer on the network, and direct the display to any computer on the network. You can display multiple windows of applications simultaneously, the windows of applications running locally on your computer, and other windows from applications running on other computers. 

Another example is the recording logs of printers, and other subsystems. This capability could be useful for providing technical support and remote system administration. In fact, almost all operations that can be done locally can also be done remotely over the network, except plugging the cord or press the power button to turn on the computer.

12.Desain and multi-user security

Linux is a lot bases itself on Unix, so one advantage is the multi-user, the system can be used by many alternately or simultaneously (remote access from any computer or other terminal using either text mode or graphics such as X Window). The files of each user are stored in his office (home directory) on their own, and protected from alteration / removal without a permit by applying the ownership and file permissions. Each program runs with its own memory space protected by the operating system so it can not interfere with other processes or peek.  

13. The programs

Although somewhat different in Linux applications with Windows applications, but in general, applications in Linux provides the same functionality with applications in windows. Free software and open source software on Linux provides the same functionality as more expensive commercial applications.

For example, Gimp is a free program that works for the processing of images that can be synchronized with the commercial program Adobe Photoshop that could be considered expensive.


Various applications are also available commercially popular versions of Linux root, such as Corel WordPerfect, Netscape FastTrack web server, Oracle, and others. Many companies have started to provide a version of Linux for their superior products, from Informix, Sybase, Corel, Allaire, and others.

14. Tools for problem solving

Linux does not hide information from the user. This means that full information from the state of the system and error messages (error) is always available. This allows the diagnostic problem can be fixed quickly and rapidly, too. Linux provides tools to display the memory and CPU usage for each program, to determine which programs (if any) that uses a file at a time, to track program at the time of walking, and forward error messages (error) of of computers on the network to a single computer to facilitate supervision (monitoring).


15. User Community

One key advantage of Linux is a community of users. Because the Linux user community also includes community developer, then the response to the complex questions being asked will be answered in just half an hour or a maximum of one day. Many of the available forums to get a response quickly.

Similarly, 15 points that describe the added value for system usage on Linux as Open Source. Hopefully in the development can be better and improved again.

 

  

History of Java

The first Java programming language born of The Green Project, which runs for 18 months, from early 1991 until the summer of 1992. The project is not using a version called Oak. The project was initiated by Patrick Naughton, Mike Sheridan, James Gosling and Bill Joy, along with nine other programmers from Sun Microsystems. One result of this project is the Duke mascot created by Joe Palrang.Pertemuan project took place in an office building on Sand Hill Road Menlo Park. Around the summer of 1992 the project was closed by generating a Java program's first Oak, which is intended as an equipment controller with touch screen technology (touch screen), as in today's PDAs. This new technology named "* 7" (Seven Star).

Star Seven days after completion, a subsidiary of cable TV plus a few interested people from the project The Green Project. They are concentrating on an office space at 100 Hamilton Avenue, Palo Alto.

The new company is getting ahead: the number of employees increased in a short time from 13 to 70 people. At this period also specified the use of the Internet as a medium that bridges work and ideas between them. In the early 1990s, the Internet is still a stub, which is used only in academic circles and the military.

They make the browser (browser) Mosaic as an initial basis to make encroachers first named Java Web Runner, inspired by 1980s film, Blade Runner. In the development of the first release, the Web Runner renamed Hot Java.

In about March 1995, for the first time the Java source code version 1.0a2 opened. Their success was followed by pemeritaan for the first time in the newspaper the San Jose Mercury News on May 23, 1995.

Unfortunately discord among them one day at 04.00 in a hotel room Sheraton Palace. Three of the main leaders of the project, Eric Schmidt and George Paolini of Sun Microsystems along with Marc Andreessen, Netscape form.

Oak name, taken from an oak tree that grows in front of the workspace window "father of Java" James Gosling. Oak name is not used for release versions of Java as a software has been registered with the trademark, so take the name of his successor to "Java".   

history of java programming

Java is a computer software technology in the world. In addition to a programming language, Java is also a platform.

Java is a technology in which these technologies include Java as a programming language that has its own syntax and programming rules, also includes Java as a platform that is where this technology has a virtual machine and libraries needed to write and run programs written in Java programming language

The origins of Java

Java was created by a team led by Patrick Naughton and James Gosling in a project of Sun Microsystems who has a Green code in order to produce a simple computer language that can run on simple equipment by not tied to a specific architecture.

James Gosling initially called programming language produced by OAK OAK itself but because it is the name of a computer programming language that already exists then later turn it into Java Sun.

Finally after going through several transformations and processes, ultimately launching a browser from Sun called Hot Java capable of running Java applets. After that Java technology adopted by Netscape that enables Java programs run on Netscape browsers since January 1996 which was followed by Internet Explorer. Because of the uniqueness and advantages, Java technology began to attract many leading vendors such as IBM, Symantec, Inprise, etc..

Sun finally released the initial version of Java is officially in early 1996 which then continues to grow until the JDK 1.1 and JDK 1.2 produces a lot of improvements that began this version of Java called Java2. The main change is the existence of which is a technology Swing GUI (Graphical User Interface) which is capable of producing an application window that is completely portable.

And in subsequent years (1998-1999) was born the J2EE technology (Java 2 Enterprise Edition) based J2SE beginning with servlets and JSP EJB then followed. Advantages of Java and a distributed network environment and the resulting Java multithreading capability to be rapidly gaining popularity in the server side.

Java technology gave birth last J2ME (Java 2 Micro Edition) that has been adopted by Nokia, Siemens, SonyEricsson, Motorola, Samsung to produce good games and mobile applications software business and various other types of software that can run on mobile devices like cell phones.

     

history of Pascal

Pascal is a high-level language (high level language) whose orientation on the all-purpose, designed by Professor Niklaus Wirth from the Technical University of Zurich, Switzerland. Pascal's name is taken as a tribute to Blaise Pascal, the famous mathematician and philosopher of 17th century France.

Professor Niklaus Wirth introduced the first Pascal compiler for the CDC 6000 computer (Control Data Corporation), published in 1971 with the aim of helping to teach a computer program systematically, especially for introducing structured programming.

In a short time, Pascal has become a popular language among university students and is the language taught at several universities. Some computer professionals are also beginning to switch to the Pascal language. In fact, Pascal is the language of the most popular fast compared to languages ​​other high-level computer.Standard Pascal is the Pascal language defined by K. Jensen and Niklaus Wirth. Manifests the many different standard Pascal with what has been defined by K. Jensen and Niklaus Wirth. Standard Pascal in Europe didefinisiakn enumerated by the ISO (International Standards Organization) and in America by the cooperation between the ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and IEEE (Intitute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers).

Some versions of Pascal have been circulating in the market, including UCSD Pascal (University of California at San Diego Pascal), MS-Pascal (Microsoft Pascal), Apple Pascal, Turbo Pascal and others. Until now for micro computers and personal, Turbo Pascal is a Pascal language versions of the most popular and widely used. Turbo Pascal compiler a lot of rage, because it primarily be interactive, such as interpreters only. Also follow the definition of Turbo Pascal Pascal standard as defined by K. Jensen and Niklaus Wirth in Pascal User Manual and Report. Turbo PASCAL is the copyright of Borland Inc.. and can be used on PC-DOS operating system, MS-DOS, CPM-86 and CP/M-80. Here I use the Turbo Pascal version 7.0.