History and specifications
COBOL specification was created by Grace Hopper in the second half of 1959. and set on April 8, 1959 at a meeting of computer manufacturers, users, and university people at the University of Pennsylvania Computing Center. United States Department of Defense and then agreed to sponsor and oversee the following activities. The meeting was led by Charles A. Phillips was held at the Pentagon on May 28 and 29 in 1959 (exactly one year after the Zürich ALGOL 58 meeting), and it was decided to establish three committees: the short range,
medium and long term (the latter is never completely formed). Short Range Committee, chaired by Joseph Wegstein from the U.S. National Bureau of Standards, that during the months that followed created a picture of the first version of COBOL. This committee was formed to recommend a short-term approach to common business language. This committee consists of members representing six computer manufacturers and three government agencies. The six computer manufacturers were Burroughs Corporation, IBM, Minneapolis-Honeywell (Honeywell Labs), RCA, Sperry Rand, and Sylvania Electric Products. All three government agencies are the U.S. Air Force, the David Taylor
Medium-range committee was formed but never became operational. At the end of a sub-committee of the Short Range Committee developed the specifications of the COBOL language.
Sub-committee was composed of six individuals:
* William Selden and Gertrude Tierney of IBM
* Howard Bromberg and Howard Discount RCA
* Vernon Reeves and Jean E. Sammet Sylvania Electric Products
This subcommittee completed the specifications for COBOL in December 1959. Specifications were to a large extent inspired by the FLOW-MATIC language invented by Grace Hopper - usually referred to as the "mother of the COBOL language" - language created by IBM COMTRAN Bob Bemer, and the FACT language from Honeywell.
The decision to use the name "COBOL" was made at the committee meeting held on September 18, 1959.
The first COBOL compiler and then applied in 1960 and on 6 and 7 December essentially the same COBOL program that was run on two different makes of computers, a computer RCA and Remington-Rand Univac computer, demonstrating compatibility can be achieved.
ANS COBOL 1968
COBOL 1959 after undergoing several modifications and improvements. In an attempt to overcome the problem of incompatibility between different versions of COBOL, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to develop a standard form language in 1968. This version is known as the American National Standard (ANS) COBOL.
COBOL 1974
In 1974, ANSI published a revised version (ANSI) COBOL, containing a number of features that do not exist in version 1968.
COBOL 1985
In 1985, ANSI published still another revised version of the new features that are not in the standard 1974, primarily structured language construct ("terminator scope"), including the END-IF, END-PERFORM, END-READ, etc.
COBOL 2002 and object-oriented COBOL
Language continues to evolve. In early 1990 it was decided to add object-orientation in the next full revision of COBOL. Initial estimate is to have the revisions completed in 1997 and ISO CD (Committee Draft) available in 1997. Some implementers (including Micro Focus, Fujitsu, and IBM) introduces object-oriented syntax based on the concept other than 1997 or a full revision. Final approval of ISO Standards (adopted as an ANSI standard by INCITS) approved and available in 2002.
Programming languages such as C + +, Java, object-oriented COBOL compilers are available even as the language moves toward standardization. Fujitsu and Micro Focus currently support object-oriented COBOL compilers targeting framework. NET. [4]
2002 (4th revision) of COBOL included many other features beyond object-orientation. These include (but are not limited to):
* National Language Support (including but not limited to support for Unicode)
* Local-based processing
* User-defined functions
* CALL (and function) prototypes (to check for compile-time parameters)
* Pointers and syntax to get and free storage
* Calling conventions to and from non-COBOL languages such as C
* Support for execution within framework environments such as Microsoft NET and. Java (including COBOL used as Enterprise JavaBeans)
* Bit and Boolean support
* "True" binary support (up to this enhancement, the items are cut based on the binary (base specification-10) in the Data Division)
* Floating-point Support
* Standard (or portable) arithmetic results
* The generation and parsing XML
History of COBOL standards
Specifications approved by the full Short Range Committee were approved by the Executive Committee on January 3, 1960, and sent to the government printing office, which edited and printed these specifications as Cobol 60.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), which produced some of the revised standard COBOL, including:
* COBOL-68
* COBOL-74
* COBOL-85
* Intrinsic Function Changes - 1989
* Correction Changes - 1991
After the 1985 ANSI Standards Amendment (which had been adopted by ISO), the main development and ownership was taken over by ISO. The following editions and TRS (Technical Report) was published by ISO (and adopted as ANSI) Standard:
* 2002 COBOL
* Finalizer Technical Report - 2003
* Native XML syntax Technical Report - 2006
* Object-Oriented Class Library Collection - awaiting final approval
The structure of the COBOL language
The structure of the COBOL consists of four Divisions:
1. IDENTICATION DIVISION
Identification Division works to identify and document the program. Identification Division consists of headers and paragraphs header.Misalnya division: Program-ID, Author, Instalasion, Data-Written, Data-Compiled, Security, Remaks.
2. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
Environment Division describes the physical characteristics of the input-output equipment used by the program, and processing aspects of the equipment depends on the stretcher. This division has two Section namely: Configuration Section and Input Output Section.
3. DATA Division
Data Division This division is useful to describe variables and data types used in COBOL programs, this division has 5 Section of File Section, Working-Storage Section, Section Screen, Linkage Section and Report Section.
4. PROCEDURE DIVISION
Procedure Division is at the core of the COBOL program in the division because this is all written instructions. For example: DISPLAY, ACCEPT and STOP RUN.
0 komentar: